Religion, Rationality, and Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religion, Rationality, and Violence - Essay Example According to research findings, religious violence or terrorism is a modern socio-political syndrome arising from the far-fetched religious thinking. This has vividly projected cosmic images of war. Religions have sought the restoration of order by the affirmation of life through the violence of cosmic war. Many schools of thought have held the maxim that for religion to do more good than harm in our society, then religion has to dress up the armor of temper of rationality and fair play that Enlightenment values gives to society. Religion qua religion is inherently violent; the Enlightenment must redeem it. Harrison, Everett F., ed. (1960) Christianity for example, has been known to have harbored the worst violent legacy the stretches back into the black age. Questions being pondered are whether Christianity should get the Enlightenment redress. The exposition of a religious Hitler can be depicted in most fanatical scenario’s perpetrated around the globe the most lunatical believers. Mother Teresa, with all her shortcomings, is a typical embodiment of what modern Christianity is contrary portraying. Harris, Harriet A. (2004). Religion Islam has been demonised as a rhetorical device, to try to persuade fundamentalist Christians. Harris brings out comparisons with the "terrorists" that Christian's are so afraid of. In so doing, Harris paints all of Islam with a rather broad brush and makes some serious errors of cause and effect. For example, he contends that Middle East terrorism is indeed because of religion and repeats the old propaganda about virgins in paradise, while completely ignoring class issues, imperialism, occupation and invasion, poverty, desperation, and political manipulation by Arab states for entirely secular reasons. Barthel, Manfred and Mark Howson, trans. (1982). The only evidence he offers in favor of his thesis is that the World Trade Center hijackers were middle-class and hadn't experienced political repression, a contention that he doesn't bother to defend and that also doesn't support generalization from al-Qaeda to all of Islam or even all of Islamic terrorism. He's way too eager to use a current political bogeyman to support a different argument and in so doing falls into the sloppy and simplistic reasoning that he's criticized through the rest of the book. Harrison, Jane. (1996) Harris does a good job pointing out the reasons why atheists find fundamentalist Christianity so absurd. The sections on Biblical inerrancy and on the Bible as a moral force are particularly good, although if one hasn't already realized that the Biblical text cannot support its supposed moral lessons without a great deal of strain and selective reading, I don't think Harris will convince. And that raises the strategic problem: Harris is preaching to the choir, will make those who already believe what he believes feel better about their beliefs, and is unlikely to make much impact with his supposed target audience. First, the basic argument over religion faces a communication gap before it ever reaches the level of argument and analysis. People don't tend to seek out polemics against their closely held beliefs unless they're just looking for reasons to get angry or ways to undermine an argument. Harris says that he's writing this book to provide ammunition, but while that ammunition can turn away or argue down evangelicals who are trying to convert an atheist, I doubt it ever does much to convince them their belief is wrong. Second, I think Harris misses, or at least fails to address, the basic reasons why people believe. His target is religious faith, but he's attacking it in the way that one would attack a scientific theory. Religious faith is not, in

Attrition in Pharma Industry Essay Example for Free

Attrition in Pharma Industry Essay Insights of attrition rate of Medical representatives in Pharma companies and innovative ways to improve them. Overview: Attrition refers to the reduction in staff and employees of company by normal means. The primary focus is to present the high attrition rate seen in the pharmaceutical market industry, its causes and controlling strategy for retention of Pharma sales representatives. Though attrition is a natural phenomena in all industries, Indian Pharma marketing industries is worst plagued by it. After IT and BPO, Pharma marketing industries experience the greatest rate of employee leaving the company for various reasons. While global Pharma marketing attrition rate is 10-12% per annum, the rate of employees who leave the organization in India is 25 -30 %. The attrition is more prevalent in the middle and junior management level, due to which majority of the companies have understood the criticality of talent management. Retention is always a big challenge for any organization in today’s time frame. Indian Pharma companies have started paying attention towards the retainment and management of the Medical Representatives to gain key and valuable employees back into the company. High attrition rate of MR happens due to following reasons: 1) External factors The demand of fresh talent is more. The companies are looking for fresh talent to incorporate new ideas but the supply is very less, career view point of many young people to join as MR is just to prevent the ‘Stop Gap’ in their career path. The demand-supply imbalance leads to significant efforts to retain and attract a skilled Medical Representative. This has led to higher salary hikes in the Pharma sector than most other sectors .This is clearly a challenge in an industry which is very knowledge and relationship driven. 2) Internal factors It has been observed that many MR leave their job during the first 3 months itself due to the reasons like they were not serious about their job, They were overqualified and lost interest in their job, They might even be under-qualified and felt bogged down by the challenges of the job, They lack motivation, feel less growth in career path, Monotonous work, limited  training and development opportunities, wor king environment as well salary and compensation becomes an important issue in some cases etc. Now to meet the global competitiveness; Pharma companies have transformed their survival strategy to competitive strategy as a result there is huge pressures on the shoulder of medical representatives for higher secondary sales achievement and thereby constantly poking the field force which eventually leads to attrition. So the people change organizations frequently. Similarly poor management is also one of the key factors responsible for leaving the organizations. There is a popular saying â€Å"employee leaves the boss not the organizations. â€Å" Poor management includes lack of support to the employee, lack of transparent career growth ladder, adverse relation between the boss and subordinates, lack of motivation. Psychological relationship between leaders and employee is very crucial for sticking of employee in a particular organization. Thus, Organization culture also plays a significant role in sticking of Pharma sales representative in the same company for long run. Retention of the talented employees is always the most important agenda for any company to grow. Sometimes monetary benefits can help as by recent survey it was shown that more and more medical representatives are moving in insurance, telecommunications etc as they are paid double in those sectors but only monetary benefits are not sufficient to retain them it ultimately becomes a hygiene factor in talent management. Thus looking for new methods for attracting, motivating and retaining them becomes very important. Being the first line manager few suggestions to reduce attrition rate: 1. Treat employees as you like to be treated:  Treating and handling the employee with appreciation and care is most necessary. While addressing or pointing out their problems they shouldn’t be criticized and rather should be explained in a courteous manner. The sales representative undergoes a lot of pressures and tensions regarding the achievement of targeted sales so, they should be motivated continuously and should be dealt in same manner as the first line manager or other seniors would like to be treated. Incentives like give free monthly travelling passes, movie tickets, etc. can be given. 2. Ask employees for their opinions and implement the good ideas: Having equal contribution from the entire sales force representatives can have an impact over representative’s mind that their ideas and thoughts are valued and are taken into consideration when need arises. Having certain schemes for bringing about certain new ideas to increase the sales level should be implemented, this shall bring about a flow of innovative ideas and also execution of those ideas will bring about a sense of dignity among employee. 3. Reward those that go above and beyond the call of duty: Certain incentives can be granted when a particular sales representative works excellently and achieves sales beyond the targeted levels. There could also be certain cases when an employee performs or outdoes something which wasn’t achieved by any employee in the company before, for that he should be acknowledged well and should be awarded like salesman of the year, highest target achiever, fastest target achiever, etc. and they should be felicitated in front of the whole company instead of felicitating through emails. 4. Take very good care of your star performers or someone else will: Taking good care of star performers is very essential. Their qualities maybe unique and selling strategies might be very effective. Interacting and making them comfortable about their job shall retain the employee in the company and chances of him leaving the company for another might reduce to some extent. If they are performing really well incentives like foreign trips, etc. can be given. 5. Communicate with your staff: Sales peoples sometimes feel that the company doesn’t care enough for them. So, the higher level executives can make a point to interact with them at a time and get a knowhow about what problems they are facing on the field and other certain issues. First line manager should always communicate through all the sessions with each employee and have discussion regarding all the sales meet and problems related to those the sales rep might’ve had. 6. Hold skip level meetings to make sure that you’re Managers/Directors  are treating their staff correctly: Skip level meetings by higher ups can bring about more peachy feeling in the employee they might feel the concern and guardianship from top executives. This shall further charge and motivate them for the tasks they perform. 7. Build career planning for each employee: If employee wants to pursue further education the company can help by providing him admission in collaborated institutions- tailor made courses as well as sponsoring its education thus meeting the need of the employee which motivates him as well as help the company in retaining him. 8. Bring about job rotation and more growth opportunities: Giving growth opportunities like promotion and assigning certain new functionalities in the job shall increase the overall knowledge about the sales rep and also he won’t feel monotonous about the work he’s been performing. This shall give in-depth knowledge about other functions in the company and shall thereby increase the understanding of the employee about working of the other sectors in company. 9. Making them feel like family member: The employees of the company should be treated as the assets and they must be treated like a family member. Salesperson job is mostly to work out of the company, in such cases wishing them on their birthdays, anniversaries, etc. can be done. Also, paying visit or giving condolences to the MR on death of his family member can make him feel concerned and a part of family. 10. Optimizing target policies: Instead of having fixed monthly targets, the sales targets could be designed individually by looking through their past month performances. Depending on that each month the targeted sales could be increased or optimized depending upon past months performance. This shall bring about an upscale in sales level too. Conclusion: Thus for retaining MR the first line manager should focus on each and every step right from the recruitment, to training and development, rewards and appraisals even fulfilling the needs of MR as all of these steps play a crucial role in motivating and keeping him attracted towards his job.

The Largest Brands Of Cadbury Chocolate Brands Marketing Essay

The Largest Brands Of Cadbury Chocolate Brands Marketing Essay The Cadbury product range addresses the needs of each and every consumer, from childhood to maturity, from impulse purchase to family treats. For example an analysis of the gift sector highlights the importance of developing innovative products to address specific markets. Cadbury designs products to coincide with Christmas, Easter,Valentines, Mothers and Fathers Day and other calendar landmarks.Cadbury use marketing strategies such as the Choose Cadbury strategy to encourage a link between chocolate and these events ensuring there is a Cadbury chocolate product suitable and available for every occasion.Ex.celebrations 3.With the launch of Cadbury Land in July 2000, in a separate building to the rear of the site, and the complete replacement of the play area with a state-of-the-art themed play area, Cadbury World had achieved a shift in appeal to encompass the entire age range from 0-90 and beyond.Feedback from visitors in 2001 indicated that the attraction hadshifted from a very adult profile, to a strong child profile. The improvements made to the attraction since 2001 have been of more adult interest in order to re-address this balance, whilst more recent additions and improvements have attempted to be cross-generational. 4.Consumer Trends Good business and good values go hand-in-hand at Cadbury. They approach consumer  trends with a commitment to put actions before words and to respect and protect the long history of trust they have with their consumers. 5.Listening to consumers Listening to customers and consumers is fundamental to the business success its something they do every day and it helps to offer products that are safe, delicious and enjoyable. They talk to their customers the people who sell their products to the people who consume them to better understand consumer trends. Cadbury also deal directly with consumers and have substantial resources at the business unit level to listen and respond to consumer queries and complaints. 6.Responding to consumer needs The issues of food and balanced diets are now high on the consumer agenda, along with product quality and safety.  Cadbury use their intuition and consumer insights to understand consumer needs and issues and they demonstrate their responsibility by taking appropriate action to ensure they create tomorrows business today. They will continue to give consumers the great tasting products they love in a variety of different formats, recipes and sizes.  Research plays a large role in their innovation agenda, exploring opportunities for new products, product enhancement and packaging and are always checking that their recipes and ingredients are right for todays consumer. 7.Purple Goes Green The Cadbury Purple Goes Green initiative launched in July 2007 sets a vision for their company to tackle climate change.   They intend to shrink their global environmental footprint by cutting their energy use, reducing excess packaging and managing water use. They are setting new targets which build on the commitments they have already made in their CSR report. Cadburys environmental programme has been in place for around 15 years and corporate responsibility has always been at the heart of their business. Promotion mix A Radio Promotion with stations such as 98FM and BeatFM where the prizes consisted of hampers with all you need for a night-in: Snaps; DVDs, slippers and gift membership of screenclick.com. Advertisement during prime time shows on TV. Product Placement: Samples were sent to Faircity for display in the shop or possibly for evening scenes in homes. Samples were also given to major interior design trade shows for placement ontables in living room displays. Point Of Sale (POS): Naturally, given that the product is sold in retail outlets, in-store marketing support was also developed. This consisted mainly of attractive floor units, shelf headers and glorifiers to give standout in-store. Decorations: Christmas tree decorations given to support the creative image of Cadburys. Core purpose behind PROMOTION 1. 2.BUILDING PRODUCT AWARENESS: To showcase a newer product or an expanded product line. 3.CREATING INTEREST: Sales promotions are wonderful when it comes to generating interest.Cadbury creates the interest to buy chocolates during festival seasons like CHRISTMAS,EASTER,DIWALI etc. 4.INCREASE DEMAND: Besides building product awareness, the best way to use promotions is to get customers to buy your product .Special packs offered by Cadbury on special occasions increase their demand. Pull or push strategy and why: Cadbury promotes its products mainly using pull strategies creating demand during special occasiones or festival seasones.Consumers always ask their retailers for the product, the retailers will ask the wholesalers, and the wholesalers will ask the producers. Using a pull strategy alone would not reach all the desired consumers.So push strategies to push the product down the distribution channels;this involves persuading retailers to sell the product is also used by Cadbury. Critical appraisal The success of the Cadbury brand can be seen in how its image is continually maintained over time. Identifying brand values, and matching these to consumer lifestyles in specific market segments can help develop a clear advertising message. In previous advertising messages quality and taste were emphasized. Cadbury is now building on this through its Choose Cadbury strategy to underline the feeling a premium brand can bring to its customers.The Cadbury brand has proven itself to be a leader in a highly volatile and competitive market with players like Nestle and Hersheys because it has successfully established, nurtured and developed its umbrella brand and growing portfolio of products.So the promotion policy of Cadbury is working in a positive way for them.

Changes in Family Relationships between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Ce

Between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries there were several factors which affected family relationships. The most influential of these factors are geography, economic conditions, and religion. While geography and economic conditions certainly played a role in the dynamics of family relationships, many believe that religion had the greatest impact on family relationships. Religion controlled almost every aspect of family relationships from marriages to divorce to the treatment of women and children. In medieval times up until the eighteen hundreds, marriage was based on a variety of factors. Among these factors were economic gain, and for upper class families and nobility, building alliances. While these were the factors that helped decide who married who, religion determined if the couple was eligible to be married as well as other aspects of the marriage. Prior to the 1215, there were a lot of gray areas when it came to marriage and divorce. While some believed that all marriage required was an exchange of vows between a man and a woman, others believed that the exchanged must be followed by consummation, while still others believed that there must be witnesses present for the marriage to be valid. At this time the nobility were using marriage as a strategy to gain land, power, and alliances by marrying, divorcing, and remarrying. These marriages were often destructive and led to wars. In order to avoid so many wars the church stepped in and put regulations on marriages and divorces. In 1215 the Fourth Lateran Council constructed the criteria that must be met in order for a marriage to be valid. This criteria included a dowry, published wedding announcements, and for the wedding to take place in a church. Around ... ...ffection for children. Parents thought of their children as individuals and thus gave each new born its own name. At this time parents also began giving their children more freedoms than before. Also during this time the church began to relax its control over individual families and allowed them more privacy. This simple shift in religious doctrine caused the development of a new way of thinking in which children were appreciated and seen as different from adults. Although there were many factors that impacted family relationships between the fifteen hundreds and eighteen hundreds, none were as influential as religion. Any small shift in the interpretation of religious doctrine could result in massive changes in family life. From the development and rise of Protestantism to the Puritan view of children, religion often caused revolutions in family relationships.

Law enforcement and women Essay

There has always been a stereotype separating men and women. Such as, women are not efficient enough to have a job in law enforcement and men are. Many people do not agree with this stereotype or have a different opinion towards it which can cause a disagreement between genders. The majority of people who disagree with women being in law enforcement are men. Morgan Summerfield, a yahoo contributor says, â€Å"Law enforcement has traditionally been a male dominated field and as such may have been slower than others to accept females into its ranks.† Men do not accept women in law enforcement because the believe women are the â€Å"weaker sex† (1) and belong at home with their children or attending to their family or house duties. Summerfield also says, â€Å" Male domination in law enforcement and the idea that force and strength are required, reinforces the belief that women are unable both physically and mentally to do the job.† Travis county, Texas, Sheriff Margo Fraiser disagrees. Fraiser says, â€Å"We’ve been learning our whole lives how to deal with things without having to resort to physical strength and physical violence. I think the thing we most bring in is the ability to handle situations without ever having to lay hands on.† Sure, women might be the â€Å"weaker sex† (Summerfield 1) when it comes to physical activity but that does not mean we can not be the â€Å"stronger sex† (Summerfield 1) in other aspects of law enforcement. Just as there are people who disagree with women in law Martinez 2 enforcement there are also people who believe women are capable of being good candidates for a role in law enforcement. Morgan Summerfield from yahoo contributor is one who sees both sides to this stereotype even though she disagrees in some ways she also agrees.  Summerfield says, â€Å"Women and law enforcement do mix, in fact they are a necessary, if sometimes missing, ingredient.† In support the Christopher commission agrees with Summerfield. The Christopher commission investigated the beating of Rodney G. King in 1991. In conclusion, they reported, â€Å"That women officers did not employ excessive force as often as their male counterparts. Male and Female officers interviewed for the report said they thought women were better skilled at defusing confrontations with suspects through verbal communication.† Due to the results of this investigation Mayor James K. Hahn agreed that women brought the department a good name. Hahn says, â€Å"I think for too many years we were trying to fight the battle with one arm tied behind our back. We weren’t taking advantage of the tremendo us number of qualified women who could make that contribution to the department.† There are many people who agree with women in law enforcement who are disappointed in the lack of female presence in law enforcement. They want females for a reason and that is because women do contribute something to law enforcement that men can not. That is the sense of understanding towards female victims. Atia Moazzema Shammi, from women feature scene says, â€Å"The lack of female presence in the law enforcement machinery is of significance since the police administration suggested recently that female police should investigate crimes of violence against women. In many cases, women victims are too shy to talk to the male policeman – a fact that comes in the way of fair investigation.† Even though there are people who believe women should not be allowed to have a job in law enforcement. They should mot base that on what men believe about women. If women are strong enough and meet the requirements for the job they should have the right to have a career in law enforcement. If women are just as passionate as men are in law enforcement, what makes them different? Besides, the opinions of others. As Hilda Munoz, from the Los Angeles Times says, â€Å"We want to have a few scarred knees; we’re going to fall down few times. We have a right to fail like males fail.† If males can fail at something they are good at or enjoy doing women should also be able to have the chance to fail. Women in law enforcement is always going to be a stereotype that might not be able to change. Men are always going to believe women are too weak or are not physically or mentally prepared for a job in law enforcement. There is also going to be those who see the qualities that women have and only women can bring to a job in law enforcement. There is always going to be many different views, thoughts, and opinions on women in law enforcement. Works Cited 1. Munoz, Hilda â€Å"ON THE LAW; Working to Get More Police Officers; Women have made significant progress in several levels, but their numbers in law enforcement remain disproportionally low: [Home Edition].† Los Angeles Times 30 May 2003: B2 . Print . 2. Shammi, Atia Moazzema â€Å"Feminising Law Enforcement.† Womens Feature Service 14 Jan 2002: (NP) . Print.

Essay on What Does the Minimum Wage Do

Essay on What Does the Minimum Wage Do Essay on What Does the Minimum Wage Do? Essay on What Does the Minimum Wage Do?In many countries, there exist minimum wage standards which secure the employees rights to receive a pay covering at least basic needs. In the United States, the Fair Labor Standards Act securing minimum wages was enacted in 1938 (Henderson 52). As inflation and recessions affect the economy, minimum wages are adjusted. However, such increases put more pressure on businesses and might have an adverse impact on employment. There are both supporters and opponents of minimum wage increase. The key thesis of this paper is the following: minimum wage should be increased to ensure that workers can sustain their basic needs.The increase of minimum wage will lead to a notable improvement of the quality of living of those people who live below the poverty line and close to the poverty line. In the United States, the proportion of such people is around 25% (Belman and Wolfson 67). Therefore, the increase of minimum wages will reduce social inequality and improve well-being of the poorest households.Furthermore, the purchasing ability of these households will increase; taking into account the number of such households, these changes are likely to have a positive impact on the economy. In addition, those people who chose not to work because of high costs of transportation and accommodation might start looking for jobs after the increase of minimum wages (Neumark and Wascher 30). These changes might slightly increase the rate of employment.The opponents of minimum wage increase state that the raise will lead to the growth of unemployment as businesses will slash jobs. In reality, businesses will indeed have to reduce costs, but the weight of low-paying jobs in overall business expenses is low, so companies will be more likely to reduce the pay for white-collar jobs or slash operating costs in some other ways (e.g. optimizing their supply chain, reducing waste, etc) (Tucker 14).One more argument in support of the minimum wage is the fac t that the raise will urge businesses to improve performance in order to optimize costs. Therefore, businesses will be encourages to reduce inefficiencies due to the increase of minimum wage. Therefore, it is recommended to increase minimum wage in order to support workers who have low-paying jobs and to achieve a slight economic boost.

Free Essays on Seasonal Affective Disorder

Introduction: In the recent years interest in seasonal affective disorder (SAD) has grown dramatically. The disorder, also known as winter depression, has a recurrent pattern of fall/winter onset and spring remission. Since the beginning of contemporary investigation into SAD, it has been compellingly related to seasonal change in sunlight. Historical Overview: Observations that affective illnesses are sensitive to seasonal and environmental influence was key to ancient theories about the origins of disease. In 460-370 B.C. Hippocrates taught that â€Å"it is cheifly the change of seasons which produce diseases, and in the seasons the great changes from cold to heat,† (Rosenthal & Blehar, p. 13). In the 4th century A.D. Posidonius summarized the views of many ancient physicians when he noted that mania is â€Å"an intermittent disease, which proceeds through a periodical circuit†¦.It repeats itself once a year or more often†¦..Melancholy occurs in autumn whereas mania occurs in summer,† (Rosenthal & Blehar, p.14). There are many early desriptions of patients who were probably suffering from SAD. According to Norman E. Rosenthal, one of the earliest noted examples of individuals with seasonal affective disorder are from the 17th century. Ann Grenville (1642-1691), suffered for numerous years from â€Å"regularly recurring winter depressions and summer manias,† (Rosenthal & Blehar, p.14). In 1825, the French psychiatrist Esquirol described a male patient from Belgium who for three consecutive winters had suffered depressive episodes, which lifted in the spring. The psychiatrist advised the patient to spend the following winter in Italy, and his winter depression resulted much milder (Partonen, p.3). In 1946, the German physician, Hellmut Marx, recognized winter depression in four men during an Arctic winter and even described the overeating that often accompanies the condition. Marx identified the lack of light as a... Free Essays on Seasonal Affective Disorder Free Essays on Seasonal Affective Disorder Introduction: In the recent years interest in seasonal affective disorder (SAD) has grown dramatically. The disorder, also known as winter depression, has a recurrent pattern of fall/winter onset and spring remission. Since the beginning of contemporary investigation into SAD, it has been compellingly related to seasonal change in sunlight. Historical Overview: Observations that affective illnesses are sensitive to seasonal and environmental influence was key to ancient theories about the origins of disease. In 460-370 B.C. Hippocrates taught that â€Å"it is cheifly the change of seasons which produce diseases, and in the seasons the great changes from cold to heat,† (Rosenthal & Blehar, p. 13). In the 4th century A.D. Posidonius summarized the views of many ancient physicians when he noted that mania is â€Å"an intermittent disease, which proceeds through a periodical circuit†¦.It repeats itself once a year or more often†¦..Melancholy occurs in autumn whereas mania occurs in summer,† (Rosenthal & Blehar, p.14). There are many early desriptions of patients who were probably suffering from SAD. According to Norman E. Rosenthal, one of the earliest noted examples of individuals with seasonal affective disorder are from the 17th century. Ann Grenville (1642-1691), suffered for numerous years from â€Å"regularly recurring winter depressions and summer manias,† (Rosenthal & Blehar, p.14). In 1825, the French psychiatrist Esquirol described a male patient from Belgium who for three consecutive winters had suffered depressive episodes, which lifted in the spring. The psychiatrist advised the patient to spend the following winter in Italy, and his winter depression resulted much milder (Partonen, p.3). In 1946, the German physician, Hellmut Marx, recognized winter depression in four men during an Arctic winter and even described the overeating that often accompanies the condition. Marx identified the lack of light as a...

Verbs Used With Electronics

Verbs Used With Electronics Today we live, work, eat and breath surrounded by gadgets. Gadgets can be defined as small devices and tools that we use to do a wide variety of tasks. Generally speaking, gadgets are electronics, but some gadgets such as a can opener are not. Today we have many mobile devices that are our favorite gadgets. There are many common verbs used to describe the actions we take with these devices. This article focuses on the proper verbs to express these actions for gadgets in the home, cars, computers, tablets, and smartphones. Lights Turn On/Turn Off The verbs turn on and turn off are the most common verbs used with a wide range of electronic devices including lights. Could you turn the lights on?Ill turn off the lights when I leave the house. Switch On/Switch Off As an alternative to turn on and turn off we use switch on and switch off especially for devices with buttons and switches. Let me switch on the lamp.Could you switch the lamp off? Dim/Brighten Sometimes we need to adjust the brightness of lights. In that case, use dim to reduce light or brighten to increase light. The lights too bright. Could you dim them?I cant read this newspaper. Can you brighten the lights? Turn Up/Down Turn up and turn down are also sometimes used with the same meaning as dim and brighten.   I cant read this very well could you turn up the lights?Lets turn down the lights, put on some jazz and get cozy. Music We all love music, dont we? Use start and stop with music devices such as stereos, cassette players, record players, etc. These verbs are also used when speaking about listening to music with popular music programs such as iTunes or apps on smartphones.   Start/Stop Click on the play icon to start listening.To stop replay just tap the play button again. Play/Pause Just click here to play the music.Click on the play icon a second time to pause music. We need to adjust volume as well. Use the verbs adjust, turn the volume up or down. Adjust the volume on the device by pressing these buttons.Press this button to turn the volume up, or this button to turn down the volume. Increase/Decrease/Reduce You can also use increase/decrease or reduce to speak about adjusting the volume: You can increase or decrease volume using the controls on the device.Could you please reduce the volume? Its too loud! Computers/Tablets/Smart Phones Finally, we all use a wide range of computers which can include laptops, desktop computers, tablets, and smartphones.  We can use the simple verbs turn and switch on and switch off with computers. Turn On/Switch On/Turn Off/Switch Off Could you turn on the computer?I want to switch off the computer before we leave. Boot and restart are terms that are often used to describe starting your computing device. Sometimes its necessary to restart a computing device when you install software to update the computer.   Boot (Up)/Shut Down/Restart Boot the computer and lets get to work!I need to restart the computer to install the software. Its also necessary to start and stop using programs on our computers. Use open and close: Open/Close Open Word on your computer and create a new document.Close a few programs and your computer will work better. Launch and exit are also used to describe starting and stopping programs. Launch/Exit Click on the icon to launch the program and get to work.In Windows, click on the X in the upper right-hand corner to exit the program. On the computer, we need to click and double click programs and files to use them: Click/Double Click   Click on any window to make it the active program.Double click on the icon to launch the program. On tablets and smartphones we tab and double tap: Tap/Double Tap Tap any app on your smartphone to open.Double tap the screen to see the data. Cars Start/Turn On/Turn Off Before we go anywhere, we need to start or turn on the engine. When were done, we turn off the engine. Start the car by placing the key in the ignition.Turn off the car by turning the key to the left.Turn on the car by pressing this button. Put, place and remove are used to more precisely how we start and stop our cars. Put the key into the ignition/remove the keyPlace the key into the ignition and start the car.After you have put the car in park, remove the key from the ignition. Driving the car involves using different gears. Use these verbs to describe the various steps. Put Into Drive/Gears/Reverse/Park   Once youve started the car, put the car into reverse the car out of the garage.Put the car into drive and step on the gas to accelerate.Change gears by depressing the clutch and shifting gears. Gadget Verbs Quiz Test your knowledge with the following quiz. The light is too bright. Could you _____ it?On your smartphone, _____ on any icon to open an app.To _____ your computer, press the on button.I cant hear the music. Could you _____ the volume _____?Reduce volume means to ______ volume._____ the key into the ignition and start the car.  _____ your car in that garage.To drive forward, _____ drive and step on the gas.Click on the icon to _____ Word for Windows.Click on the X in the upper right-hand corner to _____ the program.Do you _____ your computer before you go home every evening? Answers dim  tapboot (up)turn the volume  updecreasePutParkPut into  launchcloseboot down/turn off

Using team to build a better workplace Coursework

Using team to build a better workplace - Coursework Example Every team selects a team leader who oversees its activities and necessary resources are allocated to it to facilitate smooth running. Each group is then assigned a task or a problem which it is expected to tackle. Organizations use the team work due to the following reasons: team work provides opportunities to share ideas and strengths, improves productivity, helps in keeping high employees’ morale and provides employees with sense of identity and belonging. There reasons have been described below. Organizations prefer using teams in the workplace because they provide an opportunity to share ideas and strengths. Every employee in an organization has different ideas, strengths, talents and experience. Working as a team enables sharing of ideas, opinions and experiences hence having a wider pool of views and experiences. The organization’s management is therefore in a better position to make informed and better decisions that achieve the organization’s goals. The employees are assigned tasks where they can deliver best which leads to improved work performance. The employees are also incorporated into the organization’s decision making process and it becomes easier for the employees to adopt new policies. Team work boosts the morale of the employees. Each employee is provided with the opportunity to participate in the activities of the organization through their teams. The employees participate in the tackling of tasks allocated to their respective teams and this creates a sense of responsibility and accountability. They feel appreciated and this boosts their working spirit. The competition in the teamwork boosts the morale of the employees as they strive to be the best in the team. The end result is that they perform better hence feeling happy. This makes the working place a pleasant and a friendly place. Working through teamwork can also reduce conflicts that may arise in competition

Gaining Leverage in Negotiations Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gaining Leverage in Negotiations - Coursework Example French and Raven’s five sources of power (1956) refer to a research of where power comes from conducted by social psychologists John R. P. French and Bertram Raven (Changing Minds, 2015). French and Raven derived five bases of power that include legitimate power, coercive power, reward power, referent power, and expert power (Raven, 1990). Legitimate power manifests in kings, police officers, and managers and can achieve effective negotiations by taking advantage of the position to influence people since it is the position they obey and not the holder (Changing Minds, 2015). Coercive power possessed by dictators and bullies can achieve effective negotiations by demonstrating physical harm to the other party. Reward power is often evident in work places and can achieve effective negotiations by offering a reasonable reward to the other party in order to compel him or her to do as your wish. Referent power can apply in celebrities and social leaders who influence those who want to be like them by excluding them from the negotiations. Lastly, expert power can achieve effective negotiations by influencing others to demonstrate or boycott an

Discuss some of the ways differences and inequalities are made on Essay

Discuss some of the ways differences and inequalities are made on streets in the UK - Essay Example Streets, infrastructure and telecommunications services have a role to play in the differences and inequalities people have. Most streets have some common aspects but still there exist unique characteristics which are visible in the society. Things that show some uniqueness in the streets include; dressing style, activities people perform, their material possessions like vehicles, ways they are governed by, the way they interact with other people and how they handle things like conflicts in the society (Amartya  & James 1997). In UK, streets give people from a certain neighbourhood a sense of belonging and thus they feel they are part of that society. They play a big role in determining how people relate to one another in the streets and in their neighbourhood and thus bringing about the differences and inequality among people from different streets and neighbourhoods. Differences and inequality in the streets of UK could be as a result of the difference in the economic status of people living in a certain street or estate. Materialism is a key separation point between groups of people living in different suburbs. The wealthier the people are the more they see themselves to be greater than the other. The lower income people are looked down upon by the people who earn high income. Their perspectives on their role in street developments also conflicts and this brings about differentiation and inequality between the two groups of people (Sala 2006). All the people in the society today have a role to play in making it a better place and make it have a sense of community. The people in the streets; shopkeepers, cafà © operators, policemen, traders etc, aim at improving their own standards of living and live in a better neighbourhood. As a result differences and inequalities will always be part of the streets. In UK every street wants to have good infrastructure and

Critical Analysis of Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication Essay

Critical Analysis of Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication - Essay Example Fragile in the sense that the look up to any man for any comfort. In most cases, women cling to their support like a parasite, desperately demanding for help. Men, therefore, extend their arms or lift up their voices to guard the lovely woman from the jump of a rat, or the frown of a wizened cow; a mousewould be a serious threat. A Vindication of the rights of women is about fighting for the rights of women and their education. Throughout the book, it is evident that the weaker sex of mankind also has natural talents and should not be placed into competition with men and their abilities. Human nature is essentially good and is able to change its attitude towards prevailing situations on women. One of the main points in the book states that marriage should not be based on desire (Wollstonecraft, 1992). On degradation, the book is critical in blaming the male point of view and their conception of the society. Women should not be viewed as wives or sensible mothers but pleasing mistresses instead. Wollstonecraft was aware that could not instill a culture of independence from women the same way she was, she was determined to develop wiser and more independent women. Tyranny: To put forward the tyranny of man. Arguments have been put forward that are aimed at proving that men are superior to women. The two sexes are seen as being different from each other and that women are inferior. Women are not expected to possess enough strength of mind so as to be able to have virtue. From birth, women are told to take advice from their mothers (Wollstonecraft, 2009). On degradation, Wollstonecraft says that the society views women as being naturally weak women need rational education before they can be judged moral beings; if they were regarded primarily as sexual, they could not be fully human. Discrimination against women can only be remedied by the cultivation of female intellect, however, intellectual equality still need to be proven.

ANALYISI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ANALYISI - Essay Example Orwell is hopeless and confused (Orwell, 2003). The world he desires does not want to trust him, yet the world he hates seeks to absorb him completely within its systems. Orwell’s feeling is common to people who wish to reject their environments but realize that they represent lone voices. His troubled conscience cannot adequately reconcile with the horrors of colonial oppression. It becomes difficult for him to accommodate both worlds. He wishes to place himself at the service of the Burmans and to challenge the racist views that are resident in both sides of the racial divide. He expresses an overwhelming sense of loss and confusion. He is lost in a world of binary opposites between the colonial oppressor and the dominated Burmans. Orwell strives to create his own private world, in which he can engage with both worlds on an impartial level. The torments he suffers from the Burmans and the blame he incurs from his own race appear to take a toll on his perception of the world as cruel and difficult. The very act of shooting an elephant provides him with an opportunity to reconcile with a hostile society. This particular feeling shows on his element at the tense moment when he contemplates on whether or not to kill the stray elephant. He was not particularly convinced that his actions were appropriate but felt an immense force from the gathering crowd that expected him to carry out the shooting. On this score, his decisions were subject to mental pressure. He became a puppet of the population, with the realization that any further restraint would prove his distance and confirm the rift that existed between his colonialist race and the race of the oppressed Burmans. The moral decision that he chose was consistent with his inner guilt. From his own feelings, Orwell shows that he had purged himself from the guilt of racism and oppression. The situation he confronts is the important moment when he has to dispel the racial

The Ring Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Ring - Movie Review Example Keller watches the tape in order to find out the mystery behind it and concludes that the videotape has some connection to a little girl called Samara. Keller tries her best to piece together the puzzle of the mysterious tape before the seven days when she would die. It is at this juncture that the drama begins as she embarks on a race against time, where she has to unravel the knotted threads of the secret of the video if she has to save herself. The movie scares not with the regular arsenal of blood and gore, but by instilling in the viewer the fear of the unknown that runs down your spine because of the inability and sheer helplessness of the individuals who become the targets of the mysterious Samara in the videotape, who is on a rampage seeking revenge. The entire movie swings like a pendulum back and forth between modernism and post- modernism views. Meta narratives are the rules that determined "the legitimacy of particular forms of narrative" and this helps us to determine their legitimacy and truth for the different forms of narrative employed. (Malpas, Postmodern) In the context of the movie, 'The Ring," the opening scene itself sets the mood for a post-modern, meta narrative method of telling the story. On the other hand, the modernist view of a grand narrative could be seen in the scene when Rachael falls into the well. In speaking of the grand narrative Malpas states, "A grand narrative tells the story of the progress and development of narrative. ., grand narratives legitimate their content in relation to an overarching theme or idea." Some of the key words in this quotation are "progress and development". According to the Merriam - Webster dictionary, the word "progress" is defined as "a gradual betterment, how we gauge our lives when we move forward, for example when we make technological advancement to better our lives" and the word "development" means to go through a natural process of growth, differentiation, or evolution." While the narrative is many short stories contained in a collection, and used to weave the incidents and experiences of the past while trying to make progress in the future, the grand narrative has all these small stories linked together in a single novel from the beginning to the end. The conversation between the two girls about the tape reveals that the narrative, or in this case, the urban legend is true. The videotape has a semiabstract quality about itself, and there is hardly anything that can testify to its evil intentions. But the legitimacy of the tape is established due to the fear inherent in the girls. The truth of the event, which during its retelling by the girl in question, seems rather far - fetched becomes verifiable when she dies under the most suspicious circumstances. As Malpas puts it, "A metanarrative thus sets out the axioms that allow communication to take place, and determines the legitimacy of a narrative for a particular genre, as well as giving the rules to determine its truth or falsity." The following is a good example of this. What starts as a gossipy chat between two teenagers has become a legitimate narration, the veracity of which is established beyond

Critical Analysis of Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication Essay

Critical Analysis of Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication - Essay Example Fragile in the sense that the look up to any man for any comfort. In most cases, women cling to their support like a parasite, desperately demanding for help. Men, therefore, extend their arms or lift up their voices to guard the lovely woman from the jump of a rat, or the frown of a wizened cow; a mousewould be a serious threat. A Vindication of the rights of women is about fighting for the rights of women and their education. Throughout the book, it is evident that the weaker sex of mankind also has natural talents and should not be placed into competition with men and their abilities. Human nature is essentially good and is able to change its attitude towards prevailing situations on women. One of the main points in the book states that marriage should not be based on desire (Wollstonecraft, 1992). On degradation, the book is critical in blaming the male point of view and their conception of the society. Women should not be viewed as wives or sensible mothers but pleasing mistresses instead. Wollstonecraft was aware that could not instill a culture of independence from women the same way she was, she was determined to develop wiser and more independent women. Tyranny: To put forward the tyranny of man. Arguments have been put forward that are aimed at proving that men are superior to women. The two sexes are seen as being different from each other and that women are inferior. Women are not expected to possess enough strength of mind so as to be able to have virtue. From birth, women are told to take advice from their mothers (Wollstonecraft, 2009). On degradation, Wollstonecraft says that the society views women as being naturally weak women need rational education before they can be judged moral beings; if they were regarded primarily as sexual, they could not be fully human. Discrimination against women can only be remedied by the cultivation of female intellect, however, intellectual equality still need to be proven.

The Ring Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Ring - Movie Review Example Keller watches the tape in order to find out the mystery behind it and concludes that the videotape has some connection to a little girl called Samara. Keller tries her best to piece together the puzzle of the mysterious tape before the seven days when she would die. It is at this juncture that the drama begins as she embarks on a race against time, where she has to unravel the knotted threads of the secret of the video if she has to save herself. The movie scares not with the regular arsenal of blood and gore, but by instilling in the viewer the fear of the unknown that runs down your spine because of the inability and sheer helplessness of the individuals who become the targets of the mysterious Samara in the videotape, who is on a rampage seeking revenge. The entire movie swings like a pendulum back and forth between modernism and post- modernism views. Meta narratives are the rules that determined "the legitimacy of particular forms of narrative" and this helps us to determine their legitimacy and truth for the different forms of narrative employed. (Malpas, Postmodern) In the context of the movie, 'The Ring," the opening scene itself sets the mood for a post-modern, meta narrative method of telling the story. On the other hand, the modernist view of a grand narrative could be seen in the scene when Rachael falls into the well. In speaking of the grand narrative Malpas states, "A grand narrative tells the story of the progress and development of narrative. ., grand narratives legitimate their content in relation to an overarching theme or idea." Some of the key words in this quotation are "progress and development". According to the Merriam - Webster dictionary, the word "progress" is defined as "a gradual betterment, how we gauge our lives when we move forward, for example when we make technological advancement to better our lives" and the word "development" means to go through a natural process of growth, differentiation, or evolution." While the narrative is many short stories contained in a collection, and used to weave the incidents and experiences of the past while trying to make progress in the future, the grand narrative has all these small stories linked together in a single novel from the beginning to the end. The conversation between the two girls about the tape reveals that the narrative, or in this case, the urban legend is true. The videotape has a semiabstract quality about itself, and there is hardly anything that can testify to its evil intentions. But the legitimacy of the tape is established due to the fear inherent in the girls. The truth of the event, which during its retelling by the girl in question, seems rather far - fetched becomes verifiable when she dies under the most suspicious circumstances. As Malpas puts it, "A metanarrative thus sets out the axioms that allow communication to take place, and determines the legitimacy of a narrative for a particular genre, as well as giving the rules to determine its truth or falsity." The following is a good example of this. What starts as a gossipy chat between two teenagers has become a legitimate narration, the veracity of which is established beyond

Short Answer Questions - Ethics Essay Example for Free

Short Answer Questions Ethics Essay 1.Name two important circumstances in which counsellor would consider breaching confidentiality. What factors would need to be considered and what steps might be taken, before making this decision? Confidentiality is someone who is trusted with private or secrecy matter; confidential whisper or issue. (Credo Reference, 2001). Certain situations where the confidentiality between client and therapist, may need to be breached to ensure the safety of the client him/herself, the community or ourselves. Two important circumstances would be a client/child under 16 who has been abused or a client needs hospitalisation because they have been considering taking their own life or other concerning issues (Corey, 2009). In both of these cases as counsellor I would need to breach the client / therapist confidentiality by speaking with my supervisor, to explain what the best interest would be for both client and therapist. I also would have to reveal information to another professional about the client, furthermore I would try and gain a written consent from the client, as per the agreed term/agreement , this way the client will see why another professional is being consulted to avoid any confusion in the future (Geldard and Geldard, 2009). This will ensure that the client is receiving the best quality of care and is in the best outcome for everybody involved, if the client refuses the help/advice and is a danger to themselves or the community then relevant information will become informed the significant authorities and health professionals will be contracted. Corey, (2009) claims even though confidentiality is vital to developing a trusting relationship between client and therapist, clients are always informed of the limits in confidentiality and its successfulness can still be achieved in counselling. 2. Outline the factors you would consider, and the actions you would take if you found that your values were negatively affecting an already established client/therapist relationship, e.g. you may not believe in abortion but find your client is seeking assistance with the issue of whether or not to have an abortion? As everybody is different and comes from different backgrounds, therefore give us all different values and beliefs, it is important to have an effective client-counsellor relationship based on four main areas of duty of care 1. Helper competence, 2. Client autonomy, 3. Confidentiality, 4. Client protection (Nelson-Jones, 2008). There will be times throughout the sessions with clients that your own values and belief creep in, and you do make judgement, therefore you as a counsellor have to know and acknowledge this happen and understand why it is happening. In the case of you may not believe in abortion but your client is thinking/seeking information and assistance with this issue whether to or not to have an abortion, is a very hard position to be put into if your values and beliefs say not to. Perhaps seeking information on behalf of the client and finding out the real reason behind the issue why or why not to abort, is because of the relationship situation, financial situation, housing/accommodation situation or age of client if authorities need to be advised, or suggested professionals that can help the client physically (other professionals) and emotionally (Counsellors). 3.There may be periods where a counsellor is not competent to engage in therapeutic relationship with a client. Name two cases where this may be so, and give reasons why terminating the relationship may be advisable? In case one the client and therapist may engage in a personal/private relationship outside of the practice, this is unethical and makes the therapist incompetent to continue a therapeutic relationship with the client involved. Two reasonable reasons why terminating the relationship both therapeutic/private would be a respectable idea, to keep a professional work ethic and appropriate appearance of counsellor in the workplace and community. The second reason would be to keep your oath to the legal obligations of the professional practicing counsellor, as this may lead to court case, as you failed your due to duty of care to the client. 4.What is burnout, how may this be recognised and what are the counsellor’s responsibilities relating to this to themselves, the client, other counsellors? Burnout has identified three primary fragments they are: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and diminished personal accomplishment. Two viewpoints have emerged over the past few decades. The first view is based on conflicts in interpersonal/social relationships (Counselling). The second separates burnout as a result of job-specific mismatches with the individual (Wrong job type for suitable persons) (Credo Reference, 2001). How burnout is recognised in counselling it the stress of interpersonal relationships. This is the unbalanced relationship, with the counsellor doing most of the giving and client doing most of the receiving (Geldard, D., Geldard, K, 2009). Some responsibilities that counsellors have in relating this to themselves, their clients and other counsellors understand what is causing this burnout, whether it is a heavy workload, or having a very high ideas and unrealistic expectations of what the need to achieve to be successful. By having realistic expectations counsellors can lead themselves to believe that the usual outcome is helpful for the client. Another responsibility is to understand and accept that burnout is normal, as stated in (Geldard, D., Geldard, K, 2009) counsellors realise that burnout feelings do occur in normal, competent, capable and caring counsellors, then they will be able to start accepting their own burnout feelings and share those with their peers, other counsellors and other professional, to seek help. 5.Thinking about self-disclosure describe the benefits and difficulties associated with this in a client/ therapist relationship (ie. is it helpful, unhelpful or both). Justify your answer. Therapist self-disclosures are verbal statements that reveal something personal about the therapist (Hill Knox, 2002). There are at least seven subtypes of disclosures: disclosures of facts, feelings, insight, strategies, reassurance/support, challenge, and immediacy, (see table 1) clearly all different types are used at different times and can have quite different impacts on the therapy process between client and therapist. The benefits of knowing about self-disclosure as a therapist will help you understanding the barriers and difficulties surrounding your personal throughs and feelings towards clients and worldwide issues of important. Yes, I do think having self-disclosure will help and also be unhelpful if the therapist gives into the unimportant aspects of those feeling, insight and strategies of counselling but understands and accepts that personal statements will enhance the therapy process between client and therapist, therefore giving the best counselling system you can provide in your practise and between therapists.

The Orems And Roys Model Nursing Essay

The Orems And Roys Model Nursing Essay The purpose of the nursing theories is to provide an interrelating framework focusing on the nursing practice. The defined nursing theories promote better patient care, improve the status of nursing profession, and improve the communication between the nurses, and provide guidance to the researches and education (Keefe, 2011). Not all nursing theories have the same meanings; however, they play the important role of explaining the key concepts and principles of nursing practice in understanding way. Dorothy Orems Self-Care Deficit Theory and Sister Callista Roys Adaptation Model are considered as grand nursing theories. The grand nursing theories are a conceptual model, which identifies the focal point of nursing inquiry and guide the development of mid-range theories that will become useful to nurses and also to other health professionals. According to Walker and Avant (2011), these theories contributed in conceptually sorting the nursing from the practice of medicine by demonstrating the presence of distinct nursing perspectives. This easy furnishes a comparison and contrast of Orems Self Care Deficit Nursing Theory with Sisters Callista Roys Adaptation Model in their importance to clinical practice. Roy put forward her theory of nursing in response to motivation of her mentor Dorothy E. Johnson. After doing B.A. in nursing, she did her masters and PhD in sociology which has an impact of her theory of nursing. In her concepts, Persons are viewed as living adaptive systems whose behaviors may be classified as adaptive responses or ineffective responses. These behaviors are due to internal and external stimuli and derived from regulator and cognitive mechanism. Her Model provides the framework for nurses by viewing the adaptability of patients to internal and external stimuli in their environments (Alligood Tomey, 2006.). Nurses work towards achievement of adaptive response by four adaptive modes; Physical, Group Identity, Role Function, and interdependence. Nurses incorporate four modes by utilizing informati on about the person, adaptive level and various stimuli. By doing so, nurses manipulate these stimuli to promote adaptive responses and process of health by meeting the goal of survival, growth, reproduction and mastery. Dorothy Orems suggests that each person has a need for self care in order to maintain optimal health and wellness. Each person possesses the ability and responsibility for care for themselves. According to Orem, nursing becomes necessary when an individual can no longer care for him or herself. Nursing provides care through acting, guiding, supporting, teaching, and environmental manipulation promoting personal development. Orem developed this theory from her experience and personal connection with the Vincentian-Louisiana nursing tradition of the Daughters of Charity (Libster, 2008.) Metaparadigm for analysis The metaparadigm for nursing is the concepts that define the nursing practice. Since 1970s, person, nursing, health, and environment are considered as the core concepts of nursing theories by many nursing theorists. Person According to Orem, a person is made of a physical, psychological, and social character with variable degrees of self-care ability (Dorothea Orems Self, 2011.).Orem described the person as able to appraise situations, reflect upon them, and reason and understand them. Based on this description, the person deliberately chooses to perform specific action, something he or she can do even in the face of internal and external pressure to the contrary. She further explains that actions are goal directed; that is, undertaken to achieve valued outcomes (Orem, 1980). This view of the person as self-determined, action oriented, and goal directed is captured in Orems portrayal of the person as agent or as having agency. In view of Whall and Fitzpatrick (2005) Orem challenged, to some extent, the more prevalent view of nursing that the person is an adaptive system and can be understood as adapting to his or her environment. Roy views a person as an adaptive system that responds to internal and external stimuli in their environments (Alligood Tomey, 2010). Within the adaptive model, person is described as an adaptive system, a whole made of parts that adapts to changes in the environment and also affects the environment. The mechanistic view of person is inconsistent with the holistic view espoused by Roy. However, Roy has stated that the focus on parts is only for descriptive purpose and that the model is based on a holistic view espoused by Roy. However, Roy has mentioned that the focus on parts is only for descriptive purpose. Nursing Orem and Roy have the different attitude toward the concept of nursing. Orem sees nursing as an intervention to meet the daily needs for self-care and medical-care patients need (Dorothea Orems Self, 2011). Nursing when defined in terms of focus (for knowledge and practice), is a specialized health care service necessitated by an individuals inability to maintain the amount and quality of self -care that is therapeutic in sustaining life and health, in recognizing disease from injury or in coping with their effects. Nurses create a Nursing-System as helping system in which the method of helping is determined by the degree to which the patient is able to accomplish his or her self-care requirements as explained by Whall and Fitzpatrick (2005, p 113). Roy believes nursing as a key player to help patients to develop coping mechanism and positive outcome from the constant stimuli exposure. Roys goal is for the patient to achieve adaptation leading to optimum health, well-being, quality of life, and death with dignity, and finding in life by participating in their own care (Andrews Roy, 1999.).Two aspects of nursing are unique to the model: the two-level assessment in the nursing process and intervention as management of stimuli. The two-level assessment provides for the evaluation of the patients behavior (response) and the stimuli to which the person is responding. This notion is appropriate to the model that it focuses on person responding to stimuli. Nursing enhances adaptation through the use of nursing process, thereby promoting health through the management of stimuli or the strengthening of coping process (Andrews Roy). Health Orem defines health as physical, mental and social well being (Dorothea Orems Self, 2011.). It adds to the complexity of Orems conceptualization that health is presented as an outcome of self-care and as one of the numerous factors that influence self-car agency and self-care demand. To clarify a person in a poor state of health is likely to have diminished self- care agency that add to persons self-care demand. Roy views health as a method used by patients to obtain their utmost possible health, regardless of the presence or absence of disease. Health is a state and a process of being and becoming an integrated and whole person. It can be viewed as a reflection of the interaction or adaptation of human adaptive systems within a changing environment as elaborated by Whall and Fitzpatrick (2005, p 148). Environment Orem and Roy both state the individual exists in an environment. Orem sees the environment in two dimensions, the physical, chemical, biologic features and socioeconomic features, which influence the self-care requirements of the individual (Dorothea Orems Self, 2011.) According to Roy, the environment consists of stimuli including conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding an individual, whether focal, contextual, or residual. Analysis for Use in Practice Orems Self-Care Deficit Theory and Roys Adaptation Model can be applied to groups or individuals, and used at any nursing settings. However, Orems Self-Care Deficit Theory is more recommended for the acute-care setting, where a patient receives active but short-term treatment for a severe injury or episode of illness. Orem focuses on finding the self-care deficit of the patient and providing the necessary care to promote his or her well-being. Whereas, Roy is concerned with the different stimuli that forces adaptation in order to achieve optimal health. A nursing model provides the structure to guide practice by providing direction for the nursing process. The adaptation model provides this direction based on its well developed guidelines for the use of nursing process. Simultaneous assessment of the behavior and stimuli leads to the identification of nursing diagnosis and the establishment of goal. The model provides the framework for intervention, which is focused on the management of the stimuli and management of the adaptive processes. Evaluation assesses the effectiveness of the intervention by examining the behavior. Roys Adaptation Model views the person as an adaptive system which includes the four adaptive modes. These adaptive modes are: physiological-physical mode, self-concept-group identity mode, role function mode, and interdependence mode. Although first two modes can be identified immediately, the assessment of role function mode and interdependence mode is time consuming. It depicts that Roys adaptation model is more suitable for chronic care settings. However, usefulness of the adaptation model in practice has been demonstrated in a variety of settings with diverse population (Alligood Martha, 2010). Furthermore, the expansion of the model offers a framework for systematic healthcare delivery to aggregate, making it more amenable to community health nursing (2010). The holistic approach of the model helps prevent putting too much emphasis on aspects of illness and allows for the inclusion of health promotion. It all adds in to the efficiency of the model in effectiveness of working on the nursing process and better patient outcome. Along with its usefulness the holistic assessment based on the model can be a lengthy and time consuming process. This concern has been found to be most problematic in intensive care units where there are rapid changes in patient condition and least problematic in long term care settings of the hospitals or health care organizations (Weiss et al., 1994). The adaptation model goes with the classification furnished by the American Nursing Association (ANA); that is, North America Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA), that focus on the component of nursing process. The adaptation model incorporates the specific interventions and outcomes for the specific diagnoses (Wilkinson, 2000.). This adaptation model is more suitable to clinical practice by provision of the framework for the nurses to rehearse the art of nursing process explained in the model. It is clear from the above discussion that nursing theories promotes better patient care, bring positive impact on nursing practice and improves the overall nursing standard. Along with the directing the nurses to utilize evidenced based and well thought process of care, nursing theories guide in developing nursing educational programs, nursing administration and research pertaining to nursing profession. Many organizations now exist to support the advancement of nursing profession. Sigma Theta Tau International, the Honor Society of Nursing, is created to support the learning, knowledge and professional development of nurses committed to making a difference in health worldwide (STTI Organizational, 2011.). It also worth mentioning that the two described models have professional organizations that have as their purpose to support and develop further in the models. International Orem Society promote the advancement of nursing science and provide scholarship in the area of Orems Theory of Self-Care Deficit Nursing to lead to further advancement of knowledge for the discipline of nursing (International Orem, 2011.) The Roy Adaptation Association (RAA) is a society of nursing scholars who want to advance nursing practice by developing basic and clinical nursing knowledge based on the Roy Adaptation Model (Roy Adaptation, 2011.) These organizations along with progression of the nursing the ories will promote the advancement of nursing science and enhance the nursing profession.

Unity Amid Diversity Essay -- essays papers

Unity Amid Diversity The 1950’s and 1960’s was a dawning of a new age. Many changes were occurring within America’s society. Segregation was prominent with the passing of Plessy vs. Ferguson, however, the Jim Crow laws of the south were being challenged. Negroes in the south wanted equality and justice. The nation was in need of an ethic of caring and a solid identity of what it meant to be an â€Å"American.† With the war in Vietnam and the war for equality, people were fed up with all of the hate. The public cried, â€Å"Make love, not war (Tallulah).† During this time of hardship, the Civil Rights Movement introduced us to many influential Americans that helped make equality possible and also made everyone proud to be American. From the famous court case of Brown vs. Board of Education and the refusal of Rosa Parks to the ideas and actions of Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X and Anne Moody, equality emerged in the United States and a positive, patriotic and respectful outlook was placed on what it is to be an â€Å"American.† The Civil Rights Movement was like a time bomb waiting to go off. African-Americans throughout the south looked at each other as if saying, â€Å"wait, just wait.† Surprisingly, the initiation came from a young, black girl who had to travel several miles to attend a segregated school even though she lived right next door to a white elementary school. This famous court case, known as Brown vs. Board of Education, determined that segregation in public schools based on race was unconstitutional. This decision was the result of decades of efforts by black segregationist opponents. With black and white children attending the same schools, having equal opportunities elsewhere became increasingly desirable. It was during this period of waiting that a petite, middle-aged woman named Rosa Parks was the person to officially begin the fight for racial equality in America. On the afternoon of Thursday, December 1, 1995, Mrs. Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man and was arrested. This simple action of dominance and defiance began one of the most important struggles in American history. As the small yet strong-willed woman was hauled off to jail, word of her refusal spread throughout the country. People of all races and ages were inspired by her actions and the news traveled through telephone lines and word of mout... ...to every privilege, law and punishment. We, black and white, attend the same schools, churches and shop in the same grocery stores; we live in the same neighborhoods and swim in the same pools. America is the diverse yet unified country that it should be. As a result of the success of the movement, the rest of the world admires the U.S. and what it stands for. Without the leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, who knows where we would be in the world society. I wonder. I really wonder. Works Cited 1.â€Å"1963.† http://net4tv.com/color/60/16Bombing.htm Copyright 1997, Iacta IIC, (22 April 1999) 2.Cohen, Jeff and Norman Solomon. â€Å"The Martin Luther King You don’t see on TV.† http://www.fair.org/media-beat/950104.html (27 April 1999). 3.Dancier, Tallulah. â€Å"Dawning of an Age.† http://net4tv.com/color/60/60about.htm Copyright 1997, Iacta IIC, (22 April 1999) 4.Haley, Alex. â€Å"The Autobiography of Malcolm X.† New York: Ballantine Books, 1965 5.Moody, Anne. â€Å"Coming of Age in Mississippi.† New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, 1968. 6.Robinson, Jo Ann Gibson. â€Å"Excerpts from the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women who Started it.† Primis.

A Comparison of Do Not Go Gentle Into That Goodnight, Stone Angel and A

     "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Goodnight" is a poem by Dylan Thomas.   This poem is about fighting against death. Many people die everyday with a sense of defeat. They reach a point in their lives were they feel it is useless to fight against a force that is destined to claim them. The strength of their youth disappears leaving them weak. Those who accept death too early die spiritually before they die physically. They grieve a loss that is yet to come. "Rage, rage against the dying of the light" demonstrates perfectly the attitude Dylan Thomas felt his father should have had against his death. "D.J. Thomas had never recovered since having tongue cancer in 1932. Losing his eyesight Mr. Thomas' pride and fire had almost all drained out of him; he was becoming the husk of his former self. He did the crossword puzzles of which both he and Dylan were so fond of and awaited the end. The spectacle of his decline distressed Dylan greatly and inspired this poem." (FitzGibbons 295). Dylan Thomas did not wish to see his dad surrender to his death. In writing this poem, Dylan set out to encourage others to fight against death and to live their lives to the fullest. In the novel "The Stone Angel", Hagar Shipley is a woman fighting against her own death. Her son Marvin and his wife Doris wish to put Hagar in a nursing home because they feel she is too old to take care of herself. Hagar, feeling differently, takes matters into her own hands and flees to a house in Shadow Point. Hagar is fighting against the death she feels will claim her if she is placed in a nursing home. By running away, Hagar is standing up for her right to be able to live her own life the way she feels. Marvin is a representation of the death attempting to take hold o... ...n. The main theme of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem is to learn from your mistakes. After telling his tale to the Wedding Guest, the Ancient Mariner realized that the murder of the Albatross was a mistake and lived a life of penance. The act of murder was an impulsive act because the Mariner felt threatened by the Albatross their actions. The deaths of both birds brought about memories from both the Ancient Mariner and Hagar which they shared with other people, the Wedding Guest and Murray F. Lees. These memories help them to realize the mistakes they made. Through their own personal recollections, the Ancient Mariner and Hagar both achieved a better understanding of their lives and in turn were able to die with a sense of contentment and relief.    Works Cited FitzGibbons, Constantine. The Life of Dylan Thomas. Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1965   

Motivation in the workplace Essay

Motivation is the desire to do something. It plays a huge role in any workplace. You want your employees happy and wanting to come to work. People who work for the love of their job are showing intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation refers to performing an activity for the inherent enjoyment or satisfaction derived from the activity. (Levin, et al., 2012). A worker motivated by extrinsic factors may be there just for the money and other benefits. It is motivation which keeps an employee performing and striving to become better at doing their job. There are different ways of motivation, theories, and pro and cons of financial incentives pertaining to the workplace. There are different ways to motivate people in the workplace. Redesigning jobs is one way to motivate people at work. When you are redesigning jobs, you may want to consider job rotation. Job rotation is a way of keeping the employee from boredom of the same routine. Job rotation also gives the employee the opportunity to develop skills and knowledge in other areas within the job. Job enlargement is another redesigned job to help motivate employees. It involves adding on tasks at the same level of skill and responsibility. By giving employees more tasks, it is hoped to make jobs more interesting, which might increase production and job satisfaction. Increasing job involvement may also motivate an employee. Having employees involved in decisions that affect their works have a positive impact on their motivation. Using money as a motivator is also way to motivate people at the workplace. The opportunity to earn more money motivates some employees to increase productivity. There are two types of pay for performance programs. One type is called piece rate pay. It is when an employee is paid a fixed amount for each unit of production. In other words, you get paid for the work you complete. Another type of pay for performance is called merit-based pay plans. Merit pay involves the supervisor meeting with the employee to discuss the employee’s work and to award an increase or a bonus based on their performance. Another motivator for the workplace is alternative work arrangements. An alternative work arrangement is any arrangement which is different from the tradition nine to five while still getting 40 hours a week. Employees receive the same pay and benefits as they would if they were working the traditional schedule. Flexible work time is an alternative work arrangement. Our book states that employee on this work arrangement are expected to work eight hours and to be there during core hours, but they are free to work their remaining hours however they choose. (Youseff & Noon, 2012). Flex time helps employees meet the difficulties of family life, illness and personal emergencies. It also decrease employee stress, reduce sick leave, and increase productivity. Another alternative work arrangement is called compressed work week. For this arrangement, workers still work the 40 hours a week, but they do it in ten hour work day four days a week. Some employees may enjoy having a full day off during each work week to other things. The down side to compressed work week is it can increase fatigue which can decrease production. Telecommuting is also an alternative work arrangement. This arrangement is working from home. Working from home can be a problem for some because they can be easily distracted by their home life. For enhancing my own motivation at work, I would keep a positive attitude about things. I will stay motivated my surrounding myself with positive motivated people. I will do my best at my job and do what needs to be done to get my job done. I will be a team player and offer my help when need be. I would also keep in mind that I do not spend 24 hours at work. I would also take breaks during the work day so I won’t be stress. On my days off, I would relax and prepare myself for the work week. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Alderfer’s existence relatedness growth (ERG) theory are two content theories of motivation in a workplace. Content theories are theories that identify what motivates people. Both of these theories are similar because they recognize various types of needs as a hierarchy. Maslow needs are organized hierarchically. The five parts of the hierarchy are from bottom to top are: physiological needs, safety, belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization. According to Maslow’s (1954) view of individual needs, job satisfaction is said to exist when the job and its environment meet an individual’s needs. (as cited in Brown, & Sargeant, 2007). Alderfer’s theory is in three categories: existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence relates to Maslow’s physiological and safety needs. Relatedness is similar to Maslow’s belonging needs. Growth is like Maslow’s self-esteem and self-actualization needs. Although both of these theories have needs that motivate worker, they also have differences. The difference between these theories is Maslow believed that you have to fulfill these needs in order to move to the next level of needs. Alderfer’s did not believe that each level had to be attained in sequence before moving on to the next. Alderfer’s believed that employee’s motivation can come from more than one level of needs. There are pros and cons for using money as a motivator in the workplace. The pros to using financial incentives in the workplace are employees job satisfaction may increase. Employees may want to do their job well to receive promotions. The employees are happy because they make more money and the employer is happy due to the company running well because of the hard work being done. The cons to financial incentives is that every employee may not get the same amount of financial incentives and that may lead to feelings of unfair treatment at work. In conclusion, motivation is very important in the workplace. Some ways to motivate people at work is to redesign jobs so they become bored. Alternate work arrangements may motivate people at work also. There are different theories that help us understand what motivate people in the workplace, such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which is broken down in five levels. There are also pros and cons how financial incentives can play a part in at work. In the workplace you want to do your best to keep employees motivated to run a successful company. References Brown, D., & Sargeant, M. A. (2007). Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Religious Commitment of Full-Time University Employees. Journal Of Research On Christian Education, 16(2), 211-241. doi:10.1080/10656210701647613 Levin, M. A., Hansen, J. M., & Laverie, D. A. (2012). Toward Understanding New Sales Employees’ Participation in Marketing-Related Technology: Motivation, Voluntariness, and Past Performance. Journal Of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 32(3), 379-393. Youssef, C. and Noon, A. (2012). Industrial/Organizational Psychology. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Discuss the various perceptions of love in Shakespeare’s Essay

William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1595. When it was written, Shakespeare was quite young, 31, already five years into his career. Queen Elizabeth I was on the throne at the time, and many of the characteristics of Elizabethan lifestyle are included within the play. In the Elizabethan times, it was not unusual for people to get married and have children young. In the play Lady Capulet says, â€Å"By my count, I was your mother much upon these years,† to Juliet, who appears to be about 12 years old. She is telling Juliet that she was already a mother at Juliet’s age, implying she should be getting ready to marry now. Women were also not considered of much importance in those days. They were not as ‘important’ as men, and just used for sex, which plays a big part in the topic of conversation between characters throughout the play. Women/girls also had to obey their fathers until they got married, and then obey their husbands when they did get married. It was a very male dominant era. Romeo and Juliet is partly a comedy, tragedy and history. It is a tragedy obviously because of all the death in it. It is a comedy because of the irony and contrast the characters raise, and also because of the humour some characters like Mercutio and the Nurse bring into the play. It is a history as well because of the fact it was written a long time ago, and has historical contents in it. There is a great deal of love and passion in this play, but not all the same. Different characters have different perceptions of love, and different passions. The play is also as much about hate as it is about love, which is a very important element. Shakespeare puts emphasis on themes such as the relationship of love and hate and old and young. This is what I will be analysing in the essay. The play tells the story of Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet; the children of two rival families living in Verona, who fall in love and get married without their families knowing. The hatred felt by their families leads to the death of five people. Two of who are Romeo and Juliet, the star-crossed lovers who die because they want to be together but cant be. It shows the young as they struggle to escape from the morass of hatred created by their elders. The ancient family feud makes Romeo and Juliet’s union even more significant as they both hate each other’s families, but manage to overcome it when they meet each other. This play represents ‘true love’ because it shows pure hatred turn into pure love. Romeo and Juliet went against everything they were brought up with and gave up their lives to be together. Romeo is a very passionate person when we first meet him, and his passion stays throughout the play. We do learn however, that Romeo is very impulsive, and acts on this impulsive streak very often, and it leads him to do some stupid things, which I will show further on in the essay. The first reference to love in the play is in the opening scene where we meet Sampson and Gregory (two Capulet servants). They are both very vulgar and crude characters and show this straight away when they are talking about the Montague women. In lines 17-20, Sampson says, â€Å"Tis true, and therefore women being the weaker vessels are ever thrust to the wall. Therefore I will push Montague’s men from the wall, and thrust his maids to the wall. † This is where the punning becomes sexual. He is implying that he will assault the Montague maids against the wall. Later on in lines 27-28, he says, â€Å"Ay, the heads of the maids, or their maidenheads- take it in what sense thou wilt. † Here he is saying that he will either chop off the heads of the Montague maids, or rape them, depending on what he feels like. Their behaviour shows that they do not actually think of love itself, and only think of sex. They view women as mere objects to serve their pleasure. They are not the only bawdy characters in the play to have this perception of women and love thought. In act two, scene one (lines 34-38); Mercutio is making fun of Romeo’s talk of love for Rosaline. He talks about a ‘Medlar tree’, and describes sex as a ‘Medlar fruit’. He is saying that Romeo really wishes Rosalie were a Medlar fruit, even though he says he loves her, all he really wants is sex. This is probably because this is all Mercutio sees love as. The Nurse is another one of these characters. She constantly talks about the physical side of marriage. To her, love is merely about sex and having babies. For Sampson, Gregory, Mercutio and the Nurse, love is something non-emotional, and they have obviously never experienced love like Romeo and Juliet’s. Love for Romeo and Juliet is very emotionally bonded, and they cannot live without each other. This however does not mean there is no physical element to their relationship. Romeo and Juliet eagerly look forward to the physical side. This can be seen in act three, scene two, lines 1-30, where Juliet is looking forward to her wedding night, or her â€Å"love-performing night. † But even this is altered by their love into something of which Mercutio, the Nurse and the servants know nothing of. In act one, scene one, Romeo’s parents show parental love when they are concerned about him. The first evidence to show they care about Romeo is in lines 118-119, where Lady Montague says, â€Å"Right glad I am he (Romeo) was not at this fray,† meaning she was glad that Romeo was not involved in the fight that had just happened. In lines 133-144, Montague talks about Romeo’s worrying behaviour. He says that he is always crying, distances himself from everyone else, and shuts out light, making himself â€Å"an artificial night†. Montague is obviously worried about his son’s behaviour, and asks Benvolio if he could talk to Romeo because he does not understand him. This doesn’t mean however, that he does not care how Romeo feels, but he evidently does. It just shows the contrast between young and old. The first time we meet Romeo, he seems very sad and down (in the exact state his father describes him to be in). he is sad because he is ‘in love’. For Romeo, being in love (at this stage in the play) is a very painful, negative thing, especially because here there is a situation of unrequited love. However, by studying Romeo’s language in this scene, I believe that he is not in love with ‘Rosaline’, but infact in love with the idea of love itself. The fact that he does not say Rosaline’s name once, but talks about being in love, shows that the she is irrelevant. Romeo’s doting over Rosaline is introduced to show the difference between love and infatuation. He talks about love as a painful situation to be in, as shown in lines 195-196, â€Å"A madness most discreet, a choking gall, and a preserving sweet. † This changes drastically though, when he meets Juliet. From the second he sees Juliet (in act one scene five); you can see he has changed. He suddenly speaks in a more positive tone, with more positive views on Juliet not just of love. â€Å"O she doth teach the torches to burn bright. † Romeo is referring to Juliet as an actual person, whereas before he was talking about being in love (supposedly with Rosaline), but never refers to her as a person. On meeting Juliet he experiences ‘love at first sight’. He goes on to say, â€Å"For I ne’er saw true beauty till this night†. This shows that he has forgotten about Rosaline already, almost like she never existed. Romeo constantly compares Juliet to a saint throughout the play, â€Å"O then dear saint. † He has made Juliet out to be the most important person (to him), in the matter of minutes. In their first meeting, Romeo and Juliet share a sonnet (lines 94-107). This immediately shows the connection of love and harmony that exists between them. In the sonnet, love as a religion seems to be the key subject, and Romeo talks about it so passionately. He refers to Juliet as a â€Å"holy shrine†, and his lips â€Å"Two blushing pilgrims†. By studying Romeo’s language here, and that of which he used when we first met him, you can see that his feelings have gone from being self-centred, self deceiving and essentially negative, to less self-centred, genuine and sincere passion, positively approached when he meets Juliet. The love between Romeo and Juliet is different from any other in the play, because both share the same view on love. It is so strong that they fought through everything to be together and when they weren’t they felt empty and sad. No one else in the play shows love for anything this deep. The words Romeo and Juliet use when flirting with each other emphasise their love for one another. They use words to do with the body â€Å"lips, hands, palms†, religion â€Å"pilgrims, saints, prayer, devotion and holy† then they put both ideas together, â€Å"holy palmers’ kiss† and â€Å"saints lips†. Romeo is trying to ‘woo’ Juliet with romantic gestures. In line 139 Juliet says, â€Å"My only love sprung from my only hate! † Two types of love are at conflict here for Juliet. Romantic love (for Romeo) and love for her family, (because she was brought up to hate the Montague’s). This saddens her. There is another type of love in the play – parental and familial love, the love between parents and their children. We do not learn much about the Montague parents, but we do see a great deal of the Capulet parents. At first when we see Capulet talking to Paris, he is saying Juliet is his only daughter and she means a lot to him, so he does not want her to marry as young as she is. However, this changes completely by Act 3, scene 4 when he shrewdly decides to marry off his daughter to Paris and arranges the wedding. In Act 1, scene 3, Lady Capulet has a talk with Juliet about marriage (to Paris). She does not seem to care much about Juliet’s opinion, but more than she does later on. This is where we see her first selfish streak, and realise that their mother-daughter relationship is not a very close one. It is not until Act 3, scene 5 we see the Capulets completely fail their daughter, when they force an arranged marriage onto her. This is a striking scene, where Lady Capulet wishes Juliet was dead after she says that she does not want to marry Paris â€Å"I would the fool were married to her grave†. Capulet is even more heartless in this scene. He completely loses his temper with Juliet, and threatens to throw her out and disown her is she does not marry Paris. The love of the Capulets’ for their daughter is so possessive and domineering, that when she doesn’t do as they wish, it turns into utter cruelty and really makes you question whether they love Juliet or not. Her parents want to force her into a loveless marriage because they obviously do not consider love to be at all important in a marriage, and also because they think they know what is best for Juliet and that she is theirs to treat however they like â€Å"An you be mine I’ll give you to my friend; An you be not, hang, beg, starve, die in the streets, for by my soul, I’ll ne’er acknowledge thee,† (line 192-194). This also shows the contrast between young and old – the old don’t understand the young. Lord and Lady Capulet actually show more love for Juliet when they find her supposedly dead, but even this is selfish love as they are more worried about how they are going to live without her. This shows just how superficial their love for Juliet is. Other characters that act as surrogate parents for Romeo and Juliet and the Nurse and Friar Lawrence. The Nurse nursed Juliet as a baby, and has practically brought her up. The Friar is someone who both lovers turn to for advise. Romeo goes to the Friar when he wants to marry Juliet. The Friar and the Nurse acted as messengers between Romeo and Juliet. They showed great support and parental love towards Romeo and Juliet when they got married, but even this was partially superficial. At the end of Act 3, scene 5, just after the big argument between Capulet and Juliet, the Nurse is trying to comfort a distraught Juliet, but instead she fails her miserably. When Juliet asks the Nurse what she thinks she should do, the Nurse surprises her by saying that she might as well marry Paris because Romeo has been banished and they can no longer be together. She thinks that love (marriage) is no more than having sex and having babies, then to her Paris would make just a good husband as Romeo would. She does not understand the depth of emotion involved in true love, and Juliet is very upset by this because she thought that the Nurse understood how she felt. After this conversation, Juliet goes to the Friar for advice (Act 4, scene 1). The Friar helps her a great deal, and you think he really understands Romeo and Juliet, but he in turn fails Juliet in Act 5, scene 3. When Juliet wakes up and find Romeo dead she wants to spend more time with him, but the Friar insists that they leave when he hear people coming their way, â€Å"Come I’ll dispose of thee among a sisterhood of holy nuns†. The Friar’s inadequacy in this crisis is shown by this ironic suggestion. He is fine until now to help the lovers be together, but when it comes to him nearly being caught out, he just tries to run away from the situation. This shows his selfishness, and the fact he does not understand the lovers’ affections and intentions to be together always. In this play of overflowing love and passion we are introduced to a character very different from all the others – Paris. Paris is an altogether good man, who is genuinely in love with Juliet and is the only one genuinely upset when she dies. Here there is another situation of unrequited love for Juliet from Paris. He is quite an innocent character caught up in the Capulet family’s complications and does not think there is anything wrong with the arranged marriage. He does not actually speak to Juliet until they meet in the Friar’s cell in Act 4, scene 1, and the marriage is arranged through Capulet. He is very thoughtful towards Juliet’s feelings, and in lines 6 and 7, he says he has not talked to her about ‘love’ (the marriage), because she has been weeping and is very sad about Tybalt’s death, but thinks that by getting married she will be happy again. Another character apart from Romeo and Juliet who is also driven by great passions and love is Tybalt. Tybalt shows the greatest passion for hate. In Act 1, scene 1 he says, â€Å"what, drawn and talk of peace? I hate the word, as I hate hell, and all Montague’s and thee†. He is a very passionate character who also shows a tremendous amount of familial love, because he is prepared to fight and in turn die for his family. Mercutio is also another one of these characters. Although he is neither Capulet nor Montague, he shows a great amount of love of friendship towards Romeo and the Montague’s he dies whilst duelling against Tybalt for them. In his â€Å"Queen Mab† he lets his tongue run away with him because he is talking passionately about something (love) that he doesn’t believe in. The mood in the scenes in which we see Romeo and Juliet together, contrast with the atmosphere of most the other scenes in the play, because of their feelings for each other. They are the two main characters who are star-crossed lovers, so obviously their scenes are going to be much more romantic and intense with passion for love than any other. Their scenes are also more calmer, relaxed and create a pleasant, positive atmosphere, whereas the rest are mainly to do with the family feud or other less positive things (such as the arranged marriage). In the balcony scene (Act 2, scene 2), you can tell that they both see their love as more important than any ancient family feud. In lines 66-69, Romeo speaks of how â€Å"stony limits cannot hold love out†, meaning that even high walls are no challenge for love and that nothing can stop them from sharing their love. By the end of the play Romeo and Juliet have changed quite a bit. Romeo went from being almost in a state of depression, to this fiery most positive character. However the same impulsive streak he has at the beginning is still there right till the very end when he acts on his impulse and decides to drink the poison not knowing the facts of Juliet’s ‘death’. Juliet was quite childish at the beginning of the play, because she does exactly what she was told by her parents. You could say that both character stayed childish right till the end, because of the way they hid everything from most people because they were too scared to come out. You could also say though that they grew up, matured a lot and became more independent because they disobeyed their parents and found a way to be together practically by themselves (even though the Nurse and the Friar knew, they did not understand Romeo and Juliet properly). I also think that by spending their first night together, Romeo and Juliet matured more as they cemented their love. They both made huge sacrifices for each other, making their love even truer, and even though they both died in the end, Romeo died after kissing Juliet, and Juliet died after kissing Romeo. Just before Romeo takes his poison, he says, â€Å"here’s to my love! † and just before Juliet stabs herself she says â€Å"Oh happy dagger! † This shows they didn’t mind dying as long as they were able to be together. Also in the play, the actions for the older members, affect the younger members a lot. Because of them, Mercutio, Tybalt, Paris and Romeo and Juliet all die. This is what makes Romeo and Juliet such an immense tragedy. Now I have shown the various perceptions of love in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, I will now pick out two contrasting scenes I have discussed and explain how I would stage them to show their differences. The two scenes I have chosen are, act 1, scene 1, with Sampson and Gregory (lines 11-27), and act 1, scene 5, where Romeo and Juliet meet for the first time (lines 94-107). Sampson and Gregory are two very crude characters, and this has to be shown by not only their performances, but also their surroundings. The actors should wear green or khaki colours, with their swords hanging from a belt on their sides. This makes them look like they are army soldiers, who are ready to fight at any moment. They would have stubble showing, and walk as if they had something heavy on their shoulders, which makes them look ‘rough’, and rude. I would have them talk very loud, almost shouting, as if they owned the place, inconsiderate to other peoples’ feelings and are boosting about what they are saying. The lighting should be a bold green when Sampson says, â€Å"A dog of that house shall move me to stand. † Green is quite a hard, ‘sick’ looking colour, which will emphasise their foul minds. They should walk side-by-side, in the middle, and people should walk on the very edges (of the stage) to look as if they are trying to stay away from them. When they talk about the Montague maids and pushing them against the wall, one of them should pretend he is going to push a woman passing by into the wall, and then they both laugh about it. Romeo and Juliet’s first meeting is very special. In lines 94-107 they share a sonnet, so this should be a very romantic scene. Juliet should be dancing with someone else, then they all switch partners, and Romeo hurries to be hers. Until they start dancing with each other, there should be other people all around the room (on the stage), but as soon as Romeo says his first line, â€Å"If I profane†¦ † they should all move into the background, the music (at the party) should die slowly into a soft beat. Romeo and Juliet will dance in he middle, up-stage, and this will show the audience who they should be looking at and listening to. The lighting would hover from a calm yellow, to subtle orange, then to a soft red, then eventually to a light pink. These colours remind me of a beautiful sunset, and also romance, so I think it will work well because of the softness. They should go behind a pillar on the right side of the stage to kiss to show they are hiding it from everyone else. Romeo should wear a mask all throughout, and pull it off just before they kiss, and they should both look into each other’s eyes the whole time. This will show that they do not care about each other’s bodies. Both would be in their party outfits- Juliet’s should be in a long cream or white dress to show her purity, with red flowers or embroidery on it, also wearing red lipstick. Romeo’s outfit should be a red or maroon velvet material, with a yellow belt and silver mask. This will make him look like a ‘prince’, and the red worn by both characters, emphasises the ‘red’ associated with romance. They should speak softly to each other, and when they speak it should not be as if this is their first meeting, but as if they have known each other for a lifetime. This will show the special connection they have straight away.